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Category:University of IndonesiaA Brief History of Health Care in the United States
by
Marjorie Bauernfeind, M.D.
The U.S. health care system is an innovation that has moved rapidly over the past century. As a society, we have implemented many health care innovations and procedures that are, at least in part, responsible for better health care and increased life expectancy.
Health Care Innovations in the United States
Before the Civil War, it was customary in rural and southern communities for families to provide medical care themselves, often with the help of local herbalists and midwives. Most urban families, however, did not have the means to provide care for themselves, and needed professional help. In the 1850s, urban families in a number of cities created organizations to pool their resources and pay doctors to take care of the sick. Two of these organizations, the New York Clap House and the Baltimore Dispensary, eventually merged and evolved into the New York Infirmary. These early institutions grew rapidly, and a fever epidemic in 1864 prompted the addition of an extensive system of hospitals. By the 1870s, most U.S. cities had hospitals, and they all had trained nurses.
Doctors then also began to specialize in specific medical fields, and in 1876, the first general practice hospital was opened in Baltimore, Maryland. At the end of the Civil War, the United States was faced with a huge number of soldiers returning from the battlefields of the South. Returning soldiers had little means to pay for medical treatment, and the newly organized infirmary system was unable to handle the influx.
In the 1880s, philanthropists in New York City financed the establishment of hospitals that would provide free care to indigent patients. These hospitals, including the New York Hospital, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and the New York–Presbyterian Hospital, continue to provide basic medical care to the indigent in New York City.
The first large-scale school of medicine in the United States was founded be359ba680
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